Purpose: To evaluate the outcomes of distance telescope in persons with low vision. Method: Sixteen patients with low vision were supplied with distance telescopes and were followed for 8 months. The type of telescope was Galilean system (Eschenbach model) with 3X magnification. The patients received adequate training for use of the devices. We designed a low vision questionnaire (LVQ) for evaluating the usefulness of telescopes. This questionnaire addressed process measures (frequency of use, length of continuous use, ease of use, rated importance, satisfaction,..). We also used magnification efficiency factor (MEF) for evaluating visual acuity. The MEF measures the effectiveness of a telescope in improving visual acuity. The ideal MEF is equal to one, higher and lower values indicate worse results. Result: Patients (13 male and 3 female) were between 15-40 (62.5%) and 41-80 (37.5%) years of age. The main ocular disorders were maculopathy (31.25%), AMD (25 %), diabetic retinopathy (12.5%), and others (25%). The patients in this study had no additional impairments. These patients were supplied with binocular (68.75%) and monocular (31.25%) telescopes. This study showed MEF>1 in 75% and MEF<1 in 25% of the cases, which shows that the telescopes were efficient. Patient satisfaction was expressed as high (37.5%), intermediate (50%), and low (12.5%). Ease of use was reported as difficulty at all (37.5%), a little bit of difficulty (50%), much difficulty (6.25%), and inability to use (6.25%). Frequency of use was several times each day (56.25%), weekly (37.5%), and never (6.25%). Length of continuous use included 15 minutes or longer (31.25%), 5-15 minutes (56.25%), and less than 5 minutes (12.5%). Rated importance consisted of extremely important (25%), quite a bit important (56.25%), slightly important (12.5%), and not at all important (6.25%). Conclusion: Telescope is an effective means of improving far acuity in people with IMPAIRED vision. Low vision patients usually need low power magnification for far viewing for their task and activities. The proposed 3X telescope could be appropriate for them. This telescope offers good image quality and good visual field.    

Background & Objectives: One of the most prevalent and important physical disabilities is blindness. The birth of a blind child in the family is a problem for family members, causing stress in them, especially the parents. The present study aimed to compare biological and cognitive characteristics between mothers with one VISUALLY– IMPAIRED child, mothers with more than one VISUALLY– IMPAIRED children, and mothers with healthy children. Methods: This was a causal– comparative research. The study population consisted of the mothers of Healthy children and the mothers of VISUALLY– IMPAIRED students in Tehran and Karaj Cities, Iran, in the 2017– 18 academic year (N= 537 individuals). In this study, we used a simple random sampling method. The sample size was obtained using the Cochran formula as 224 people (120 mothers with one VISUALLY– IMPAIRED child, 104 mothers with more than one VISUALLY– IMPAIRED children, and 120 mothers with healthy children). The applied instruments in this study were biological and cognitive questionnaires. The scales’ scoring method was as follows: demographic questions and biological features have been collected at a nominal level, and there was no correct answer to them. Furthermore, in the cognitive properties section, some questions were responded in a nominal form and some other on a Likert– type scale (undetermined, low, medium, high, and very high. Of the total sample size selected, 57 people were employed, and 287 were housewives. Also the average age of mothers was 34. 92 years and the average age of their offspring was 10. 16 years. Also 173 people have son and 171 people had daughters. The investigated mothers' educational level was as follows: 95: under the diploma degree, 190: diploma, 20: graduate students, 28: undergraduate students, and 11: undergraduates. The obtained data were analyzed using Chi– squared test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in SPSS. Results: In this research, initially, statistical assumptions were examined. The collected data revealed a significant difference between the study groups in terms of age (p<0. 001). Moreover, the analysis of each dependent variable indicated that the 3 study groups significantly differed in maternal age variables, the paternal age, and the fathers’ age at marriage (P<0. 001). In addition, no significant difference was observed between the three study groups in the maternal age during pregnancy and the mothers’ age at marriage. Moreover, two by two– group comparisons, using Tukey's posthoc test, suggested that the average age of mothers with healthy children was significantly less than the two other study groups (p<0. 001). Besides, the average paternal age in the healthy children group was significantly less than that of the group with more than one child with visual impairment (p<0. 001). However, the average paternal age in the group of children with a visual impairment was significantly less than that of the group with more than one child with visual impairment (p<0. 001). In addition, the average paternal age at marriage in the healthy children group was significantly more than that of the groups with one and more than one child with visual impairment (p<0. 001). However, there was no significant difference between the average paternal age at marriage in the group of mothers with one visual impairment and the group with more than one child with visual impairment. Also, there was a significant difference between the three groups of mothers in all cognitive characteristics (p<0. 001). Additionally, the achieved results revealed significant differences in cognitive and awareness features between the three study groups. Conclusion: The obtained data suggested significant differences in the biological and cognitive characteristics of the three study groups; thus, researchers could provide a preventive basis for children's vision impairment.

Focusing on the importance of identity formation during adolescence, the objective of this study was to examine the effects of identity status in using coping strategies in stressful situations, in VISUALLY handicapped adolescents. The data was collected from 96 VISUALLY IMPAIRED and sighted adolescents students, male and female, between 15-19 years old, in Tabriz, Maragheh and Tehran. The method was causal-comparative, using the tests: The Dellas Identity Status Inventory-Occupation, and Coping Inventory of Endler & Parker, and were analyzed via Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and t- test. The results showed that there are significant differences between identity status and coping strategies, in the VISUALLY handicapped group and sighted adolescents, but the gender was not significant.

The aim of the present study was to comparing marital satisfaction between mothers with one VISUALLY IMPAIRED child, mothers with more than one VISUALLY IMPAIRED children and mothers with normal children. The present research was a causal-comparative research and the target population of this study was mothers of normal children and mothers with VISUALLY IMPAIRED children in Tehran and Karaj in the academic year of 1395-96 in 537 individuals. The sampling method was simple random sampling. The sample size was obtained using the Cochran formula, 224 people (120 mothers with one VISUALLY IMPAIRED child, 104 mothers with more than one VISUALLY IMPAIRED children and 120 mothers with normal children). The instruments of this study were Afrooz Marital Satisfaction Scale (AMSS). Analyzing of data is performed using Multivariable Analyze of Variance (MANOVA). The results showed that there were significant differences in marital satisfaction between the three groups (p<. 01). Also, the results showed that there were significant differences in Marital Satisfaction Subscales between the three groups (p<. 01). On this basis, we can conclude that there were significant differences in Marital Satisfaction between the three groups and Researchers can provide a field of psychological interventions.

Background: Visual impairment tends to evoke more discomfiture than any other disability. Primarily, the biggest issue may be that blindness is visible. Furthermore, visual impairment develops serious medical, psychological, social and economic problems. Objectives: The focus of the current study was to investigate the psychological and psycho physiological problems of VISUALLY IMPAIRED adolescent students. Patients and Methods: Purposive sampling was adopted to select 150 VISUALLY IMPAIRED students (71 males and 72 females) from five schools in Coimbatore city of the Tamil Nadu state, India. Anxiety, frustration, aggression and social and personal adjustment levels of the VISUALLY IMPAIRED students were measured in this study using Taylor’ s manifest anxiety scale, frustration test, aggression scale and the adolescent adjustment inventory, respectively. Results: Anxiety (χ 2 = 185. 66, P = 0 at P < 0. 01), frustration (χ 2 = 167. 23, P = 0 at P < 0. 01) and aggression (χ 2 = 57. 66, P = 0 at P < 0. 01) were significantly related to adjustment among VISUALLY IMPAIRED students. The adjustment score had a significant positive correlation with anxiety (r = 0. 919, P = 0 at P < 0. 01), frustration (r = 0. 887, P = 0 at P < 0. 01) and aggression levels (r = 0. 664, P = 0 at P < 0. 01), anxiety was significantly correlated with frustration (r = 0. 961, P = 0 at P < 0. 01) and aggression levels (r = 0. 727, P < 0. 01) and frustration was significantly correlated with aggression level (r = 0. 637, P = 0 at P < 0. 01) of VISUALLY IMPAIRED adolescents. There was a positive relationship between psycho-physiological disorders and anxiety frustration, aggression and adjustment among VISUALLY IMPAIRED students. Conclusions: VISUALLY IMPAIRED students exhibited significant levels of psychological and psycho-physiological problems.

Background: Causes of visual impairment among children vary worldwide. While there is a scarcity of such data, this study aims to describe the profile of a large cohort of VISUALLY IMPAIRED children. In addition, it will provide evidence to advocate the importance of the provision of low vision services to children and improve referrals for such services. Methods: A retrospective study reviewed the profile of VISUALLY IMPAIRED children who attended a multidisciplinary vision rehabilitation service in the period of 2011-2021. Recorded data included demographics, clinical attributes (Binocular best-corrected distance visual acuity BCVA, near visual acuity, contrast threshold, causes of visual impairment, the presence of concurrent disability or disorder, whether the child was underweight or premature at birth), and the prescribed low vision aids. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20. 0. Results: Demographic and clinical records of 443 children (54% boys and 46% girls,median age 6 years) were analyzed. The median best corrected binocular distance visual acuity and contrast threshold were significantly improved from 0. 86LogMAR to 0. 62LogMAR and from 25% to 10%, respectively. The main source of referral to the association was ophthalmologists (35. 5%) followed by schools/kindergartens (33%), whereas the least frequent source of referral was pediatricians (1. 6%). The major causes of visual impairment were retinopathy of prematurity and cortical visual impairment. Conclusion: visual functions were improved with the appropriate low vision aids, which explains the necessity for early referral of children to low vision services. Awareness training for pediatricians is important regarding the need for early detection and timely referral of VISUALLY IMPAIRED children. There is also a need for an awareness campaign about the causes and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity.